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Average
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Your average is the sum of all your games divided by the number of games played. You can use your average as a way of recording your improvement - set a goal of raising your average game, say 10 pins a season, until you reach the level of par bowlers.
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Clean Sheet
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If you make ALL your spares in the game it is called a clean sheet. Making your spares is the simplest way to raise your average on the way to becoming a scratch/par bowler.
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Dutch 200
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Scoring spare-strike-spare strike for the entire game results in a score of 200 exactly.
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Foul
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The foul line is drawn across the lane to separate the approach from the start of the lane. Putting your foot over the foul-line means you don't get the score for that delivery: on the first delivery you must re-rack the pins. It is marked on the scoresheet with an "F".
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Open Frame
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If you fail to make your spare, i.e. knock all pins down in two shots it is called an open frame
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Par
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Consistently making all your spares will give you an average in the 180 to 190 range. When you develop your game so that you can start to string strikes together your score will go up and you will start to approach the 200 or 210 mark, which many have likened to being a "scratch" golfer.
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Perfect Game
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If a bowler manages to score twelve strikes in a row, in the same game, the score is 300 (the highest possible) and it is called a perfect game.